David's Astronomy Pages
Cosmological Distance Ladder

Cosmological Distance Ladder Objects
Bullet Introduction
Bullet Step 1 : the Earth
Bullet Step 2 : the Solar System
Bullet Step 3 : nearby stars
- 61 Cygni - Star
- Gamma Draconis - Star
Bullet Step 4 : more distant stars
Bullet Step 5 : the Galaxy
Bullet Step 6 : the Local Group
Bullet Step 7 : more distant galaxies
Bullet Step 8 : the Universe
  - 3C 273 - Quasar

Introduction

Introduction ...

See http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/

 

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Step 1 : the Earth

Geometry

61 Cygni has a significant proper motion of [2.89 arc secs/year]  (I hope to record this motion with an image taken in 1-3 years time).   

61 Cygni (Cygnus)
comprising the double star pair HIP 104214 & HIP 104217
CCD Image 
20s exposure, C filter
2005-09-30 21:00h UT (#95004)

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Step 2 : the Solar System

Moon

Moon - comparison of mosaic image with equivalent mosaic from 4 months ago
Notice the change in apparent diameter and the relative positions of lunar features. 
Image
Left 
2004-08-31 (95.4% phase)
Distance From Earth : 378,430 km
Apparent Diameter 31' 35" (TheSky)
( My Measure  : 32' 02" )
Right
2004-12-29 (94.6% phase) 
Distance From Earth : 404,740 km
Apparent Diameter 29' 31" (TheSky)
(My Measure : 29' 48")

 

1999 Solar Eclipse - 1999-Aug-11

I visited Devon in August 1999 and witnessed the Total Solar Eclipse from a hilltop in Brixham.

Description to be added...

Image

 

 

Venus 

Venus (69% phase Mag -4.1)
Image  Image
CCD Image, 0.11 sec exposure, lunar filter
2004-02-19  19:27 h UT (#58044)
8" LX200 operating at f/7)
Simulated View of Venus for 2004-02-19
 (69% phase, Mag -4.1, 
16.7 arc sec diameter
(from TheSky)

Venus

 

An attempt to view the 2004-06-08 Transit of Venus was made from Drumoak, Aberdeenshire, UK.  Unfortunately there was cloud for the entire length of the transit and we were forced to view the Transit on Satellite TV !

Image

 

Image Image

61 Cygni has a significant proper motion of [2.89 arc secs/year]  (I hope to record this motion with an image taken in 1-3 years time).   

 

Mars

Mars - close to Opposition
(phase 99.6%, 25.0 arc min diameter)
Image Image
2003-08-22  
23:52:37 h UT 
0.30 sec exposure
(#52041)
2003-08-23 
00:32:04 h UT 
0.25 sec exposure
(#52117)
Image Scale 0.31 arc sec/pixel 
(equivalent to surface scale of 85 km/pixel)

Jupiter

Jupiter Moons
Image
Annotated CCD Image Composite
Main Image : 7 x 0.11s (average combine)
Jupiter Insert :  5 x 0.2s (stacked)
8" LX200 with operating at f/10.3
2005-05-13  21:51h UT (#86028-34)

 

Jupiter
Image
2002-03-01  23:18hUT
CCD Image, 0.3 sec exposure (#18089)
Heavy unsharp marking
8"/f10 SCT with Barlow
  

 

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Step 3 : nearby stars

Barnard's Star 

Barnard's Star, HIP 87937  (Ophiuchus) 
a nearby star with large proper motion, 
only 5.94 light years from Solar System
Image 
CCD Image (Mag Limit +15)
3 x 60s (median combine), clear filter
2005-05-13  22:49 h UT (#86127-30)
 
Forward predictions of Barnard's Star positions
over next 10 years 
(from TheSky, Software Bisque)
Image 
Illustration based on screen capture from 
TheSky (Software Bisque) for 2005-05-13

61 Cygni - Star 

61 Cygni has a significant proper motion of [2.89 arc secs/year]  (I hope to record this motion with an image taken in 1-3 years time).   

61 Cygni (Cygnus)
comprising the double star pair HIP 104214 & HIP 104217
Image
CCD Image 
20s exposure, C filter
2005-09-30 21:00h UT (#95004)
 
Astrometric solution of Cygni 61 at 2005-09-30
based on 19 UCAC2 stars
Epoch 2000 Positions 
(A) HIP 104214 : RA 21h 06m 55.96s, Dec 38d 45m 16.39s
(B) HIP 104217 : RA 21h 06m 57.25s, Dec 38d 44m 49.35s
Image
CCD  Image 
2s exposure, V filter
2005-09-30 21:02h UT (#95007)

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WDS GRB 34 - Double Star (Groombridge 34)

Red dwarf binary system, located 11.7 light years from the Sun.  Brightest star is of mag +8.1 with companion star of mag +10.9
GRB 34 has a proper motion of 2.89 arc secs/year (I hope to record this motion with an image taken in 3-5 years time).   

WDS GRB 34 (Andromeda)
Image
CCD Colour Image 
Approximate Colour
Red 1 min (R filter), Green 1 min (V filter), Blue 1 min (B filter)
2005-09-18 20:49h UT (#94008-12)

 

Gamma Draconis - Star 

Gamma Draconis (Draco)
Mag +2.2
Contrast turned up to show surrounding faint stars 
(mag +11 to +15) . Telescopic optical artifacts from the bright 
mag +2.2 star can be seen
Image
CCD  Image 
20s exposure, C filter
2005-09-30 21:11h UT (#95019)
 
Astrometric solution of Gamma Draconis at 2005-09-30
based on 9 USNO B stars
RaDec2000 Position  for Gamma Draconis : 
RA 21h 06m 55.96s, Dec 38d 45m 16.39s
Image
CCD  Image 
2s exposure, C filter
2005-09-30 21:12h UT (#95020)

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Step 4 : more distant stars

M45 Pleiades   (Open Cluster in Taurus)

Mosaic of M45  (Taurus)
Image
Mosaic 8x9 CCD frames,  10 sec exposures taken on
2003-01-04  21:10 to 21:48h UT (#37250-321)
76 x 55 arc mins (1.25 x 0.92 arc deg)

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M103 - Open Cluster

M103 (Cassiopeia)  
Image
Central portion of CCD Image Mosaic (3x3 frames)
20 sec exposure, C filter
2005-09-02  22:32 h UT (#93039-49)
(Full Size)

 

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Step 5 : the Galaxy

M3 - Globular Cluster

M3 (Canes Venatici)
Image
2002-04-16  21:19hUT
CCD Image, 30 sec exposure 
 11.4 x 7.6 arc min  (#21016)

 


M5 - Globular Cluster

M5 (Serpens Caput)
Image
CCD Colour Image (LRGB)
Luminance 3x20s (average), Blue 5x30s (average) with  x1.8 weighting
Green 3x30s (average), Red 3x30s (average)
2005-06-10  00:46 h UT (#89034-47)

Cluster

 

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Step 6 : the Local Group

NGC 6822 - Irregular Galaxy (Barnard's Galaxy) - Local Group

NGC 6822 (Sagittarius) 
Very Faint Galaxy (very low surface brightness) - hardly detectable
Image
CCD Image 
6 x 60 sec exposure (average), clear filter
2005-08-14  22:28 h UT (#92109-14)
 
Image
CCD Image 
Smoothed and contrast adjusted
(Image details as above)

 

M31
M31 (the Andromeda Nebula) is actually a naked eye object under clear skies and can be fairly easily detected with binoculars under most skies.. Through an 8" LX200, the neighbouring galaxies of M32 and M110 can also be seen. The eye is only able to see the brighter nuclei of these galaxies however.

 

Image Image

 

M31,M32 & M110 galaxies
Sketches, 1995-11-25, 
F10/8" LX200, 26mm, x77
Adjacent fields of view, (each 41' FOV)
M31 Galaxy
Photo, 1999-12-06
300mm f5.6, Fujicolor 200,
25 mins exposure

 

 

 

M33 - Spiral Galaxy (Pinwheel Galaxy)

M33  (Triangulum)
Image 
CCD  Image, Mosaic, 
6 x 60 sec exposure (average combine), C filter
2004-09-01  00:37 to 01:01h UT (#69107-128)
 
M33 Galaxy (part) / NGC 604 Emission Knot (Triangulum)
Image
2002-09-11  4:08 to 4:24h UT
CCD Image, 3 x 5 min exposure (summed)
11.4 x 7.6 arc min  (#24029-31)

 

 

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Step 7 : more distant galaxies

M66 - Spiral Galaxy

M65, M66 and NGC 3628 Spiral Galaxies
Image 
Mosaic as above with longer 
exposure images embedded
 
M66 - False Colour (Leo)
Image
CCD Image
5 x 2 min (average combine),  C Filter
2004-12-11 05:42 h UT (#79010-14)
Same Image - Enhanced False Colour Display 
(Logarithmic Scaling, Range 460-3300 ADU, Inverse Spectrum)

 

MCG-1-39-3 Galaxy with Supernova 2005cf

MCG-1-39-3 Galaxy with Supernova 2005cf (Libra)
Supernova  2005cf, Measured Magnitude :  +13.5 (C), Measured Distance from host galaxy: 2' 07" 
UCAC 2.0  Stars : (1) mag + 13.6,  (2) mag +13.3
Image   Image
CCD Image,  6 x 2 mins (average combine) , clear filter
8" LX200 at f/10.3, ST-7e, CCDSoft/TheSky
Twilight Conditions, Aberdeenshire, UK
2005-06-10  00:28 h UT (#89023-28)
 
Notes :  MCG-1-39-3 catalog mag +14.7,  NGC 5917 catalog mag +13.2
Supernova 2005cf was discovered by Lick Observatory Supernova Search (USA) on 2005-05-28   
It is understood to be a bright Type Ia Supernova.   
[ See  2005cf Images at Rochester Astronomy Site ]
[ See 2005cf Light Curve on SNWeb ]

Supernova SN 2001ib

SN 2001ib

 

Image

Image
NGC 7242, with supernova SN 2001ib
Image shows stars down to Mag +16.5

2001-12-14, 20:55 to 21:05 UT, 
CCD Image, 2 x 5 min (#13016-17)
Image scaling 1.74 arc sec/pixel
NGC 7242 detail, 
supernova SN2001ib appears as small 
bright star to right of galaxy nucleus.
2001-12-14, 21:28 to 21:43h UT, 
CCD Image, 3 x 5 min (#13018-20)
Image scaling 0.87 arc sec/pixel

 

Abell 426 Galaxy Group

Abell 426 Galaxy Group, NGC 1270 and NGC 1275 areas (Perseus)
28 galaxies in this CCD Image covering just part of Abell 426
NGC 1267 (catalog mag +13.1), NGC 1268 (catalog mag +13.8), NGC 1270 (catalog mag +13.3), 
NGC 1271 (catalog mag +14.2), NGC 1272 (catalog mag +12.0), 
PGC 12294 (catalog mag +15.5), PGC 12295 (catalog mag +15.1),
PGC 12316 (catalog mag +15.7), PGC 12336 (catalog mag +16.6), 
PGC 12358 (catalog mag +16.7), PGC 12386 (catalog mag +16.3),
PGC 2180406 (catalog mag +17.1), PGC 2181565 (catalog mag +16.2)
Image 
Left CCD  Image, 3 x 60s (average) , C Filter
2004-09-19  00:11h UT (#72082-84)
Image
Right CCD  Image, 2 x 60s (average) , C Filter
2004-09-19  00:16h UT (#72086-87)
Image

NGC 70 - Galaxy Group

NGC 70 Galaxy Group (Andromeda)
NGC 67 (catalog mag +14.8), NGC 68 (catalog mag +14.4), NGC 69 (catalog mag +15.8), 
NGC 70 (catalog mag +14.2), NGC 71 (catalog mag +13.3), NGC 72 (catalog mag +13.8),
NGC 74 (catalog mag +15.6), PGC 1891312 (catalog mag +17.7), 
PGC 1889183 (catalog mag +17.4), PGC 1889390 (catalog mag +16.8),
PGC 1887599 (catalog mag +16.9), PGC 138159 (catalog mag +16.5)
Image 
CCD  Image, 9 x 60s (summed) , C Filter
2004-09-07  21:35 to 21:45h UT (#71041-49)
 
NGC 70  Galaxy Group
Image 
Negative CCD Image (details as above)
 

 

 

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Step 8 : the Universe

 

3C 273 - Quasar

3C 273 (Virgo) 
Quasar 1.9 billion light years distance from Solar System
Image 
CCD Image, 
3 x 60s (median combine), clear filter
2005-05-13  22:49 h UT (#86127-30)

 

 

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